Circuit Models of Many Body Quantum Dynamics

Austen Lamacraft

[earlier work with Sarang Gopalakrishnan]

Questions?

  • Physics question:

    • How does time evolution couple independent subsystems?

  • Mathematical question:

    • How does many-body unitary evolution cause deviation from an initial product state?

      [Unitary normally has structure e.g. from local Hamiltonian]

Unitary Circuits

  • Unitary transformation composed of unitaries on subsets.
  • Introduced as model of quantum computation.

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Many Body States = Tensors

  • State of a single spin-1/2 $\psi_{s}$ $s=\uparrow,\downarrow$.
  • State of two spins $\Psi_{s_1s_2}$.
  • Product states $\Psi_{s_1s_2}=\psi^{(1)}_{s_1}\psi^{(2)}_{s_2}$ are special case.
  • State of $N$ spins $\Psi_{s_1s_2\cdots s_N}$ is rank $N$ tensor.
  • $2^N$ components: “curse of dimensionality”.

Notation: Tensor Digrams

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See Pan Zhang’s tutorial

Not (Just) Pictures

  • Every diagram corresponds to a unique expression

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$$ \sum_{p,q,r,s} A_{pqr} B_{rqsu} C_{pts} $$

Brick Pattern Circuits

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  • Some notion of locality built in!
  • Gates operate on neighbouring pairs, triplets, etc.
  • [Often] start from product state $\Psi_{s_1,s_2,\ldots s_N}=\psi_{s_1}\psi_{s_2}\cdots \psi_{s_N}$

Model for Hamiltonian Dynamics

  • Interested in $U(t)|\psi_0\rangle$ with $U(t) = e^{-iHt}$, where (say)

$$ H = \sum_j \mathbf{s}_j\cdot \mathbf{s}_{j+1} $$

  • For small $t$ can approximate $U(t)\sim U_1(t)U_2(t)$ with $U_{a}=e^{-iH_a t}$

$$ H_1 = \sum_j \mathbf{s}_{2j}\cdot \mathbf{s}_{2j+1},\qquad H_2 = \sum_j \mathbf{s}_{2j}\cdot \mathbf{s}_{2j-1} $$

  • Time evolution for $T=Nt$ is approximately

$$ U(T)\sim \left[U_1(t)U_2(t)\right]^N $$

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Another Example: Kicked Ising Model

  • Time dependent Hamiltonian with kicks at $t=0,1,2,\ldots$.

$$ \begin{aligned} H_{\text{KIM}}(t) = H_\text{I}[\mathbf{h}] + \sum_{m}\delta(t-n)H_\text{K}\\ H_\text{I}[\mathbf{h}]=\sum_{j=1}^L\left[J Z_j Z_{j+1} + h_j Z_j\right],\qquad H_\text{K} &= b\sum_{j=1}^L X_j, \end{aligned} $$

  • “Stroboscopic” form of $U(t)=\mathcal{T}\exp\left[-i\int^t H_{\text{KIM}}(t’) dt’\right]$

$$ \begin{aligned} U(n_+) = \left[U(1_+)\right]^n,\qquad U(1_-) = K I_\mathbf{h}\\ I_\mathbf{h} = e^{-iH_\text{I}[\mathbf{h}]}, \qquad K &= e^{-iH_\text{K}}, \end{aligned} $$

KIM as a Unitary Circuit

KIM gate

$$ \begin{aligned} \mathcal{K} &= \exp\left[-i b X\right]\\ \mathcal{I} &= \exp\left[-iJ Z_1 Z_2 -i \left(h_1 Z_1 + h_2 Z_2\right)/2\right]. \end{aligned} $$

Generally

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  • Static disorder, or fully random

  • Floquet

  • Motivation: “general” quantum dynamics (no Hamiltonian) with only constraint of locality.

Unitarity

  • Has the graphical representation

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(Infinite Temperature) Correlation Functions

$$ \begin{aligned} C(x,y,t)=\mathop{\text{tr}}\left[O(x,t)O(y,0)\right]\\ O(x,t) = U(t)^\dagger O(x) U(t) \end{aligned} $$

  • Keep track of $U$ and $U^\dagger$

Graphical Representation

[Chan, De Luca, Chalker (2018)]

$$ C(x,y,t)=\mathop{\text{tr}}\left[U(t)^\dagger O(x)U(t) O(y)\right] $$

Using Unitarity

“Folded” picture

  • Later point must be in “future light cone” of earlier

On the Light Cone

  • [Bertini, Kos, Prosen (2019)] for special models (see later)

  • In fact consequence of unitarity only

Light Cone Quantum Channel

$$ \begin{align} C_\nu^{\alpha\beta}(\nu t,t) = \frac{1}{d} {\rm tr}\left[\mathcal M_{\nu}^{2t}(a^\beta)a^\alpha\right]\\ \mathcal M_{+}(a) = \frac{1}{d} {\rm tr}_1\left[U^\dagger (a\otimes\mathbb{1}) U\right] \end{align} $$

  • Unitarity means map is trace preserving, completely positive and unital (identity is fixed point)

Dual Unitarity

[Gopalakrishnan & Lamacraft (2019)]

  • Arises when the reshuffled unitary $\tilde U$ is unitary too

$$ (\tilde U)_{ab,cd}=(U)_{ac,bd} $$

   

  • 14 parameters for qubits! [Bertini, Kos, Prosen (2019)]

Example: Self Dual Kicked Ising

KIM gate

$$ \begin{aligned} \mathcal{K} &= \exp\left[-i b X\right]\\ \mathcal{I} &= \exp\left[-iJ Z_1 Z_2 -i \left(h_1 Z_1 + h_2 Z_2\right)/2\right]. \end{aligned} $$

  • $\tilde U$ unitary (“self dual”) for $|J|=|b|=\frac{\pi}{4}$

Folded Notation

  • Unitarity and dual unitarity

   

Correlations on Light Cone Only

[Bertini, Kos, Prosen (2019)]

  • Proof by words:
    • Unitarity fixes correlations to lie in “past” or “future”
    • Dual unitarity fiex correlations to be outside the light cone
    • Therefore: only nonzero on light cone

Reduced Density Matrix

$$ \rho^{(A)}_{s_1\cdots s_N,s_1'\cdots s'_{N}} = \sum_{s_{N+1}\cdots s_L} \Psi_{s_1\cdots s_N s_{N+1}\cdots s_L}\bar \Psi_{s'_1\cdots s'_{N}s_{N+1}\cdots s_{L}} $$

  • Everything we want is contained in $\rho^{(A)}$!

Measures of Entanglement

  • Since $\text{tr}\left[|\Psi\rangle\langle\Psi|\right]^2=1$ define purity

$$ \gamma = \text{tr}\left[\rho_A^2\right] $$

  • (von Neumann) Entanglement entropy

$$ S = -\text{tr}\left[\rho_A \log \rho_A\right] $$

  • Rényi entropies

$$ S^{(n)}_A = \frac{1}{1-n}\log \text{tr}\left[\rho^n\right] $$

  • $S^{(n)}\to S$ as $n\to 1$ and $S^{(2)} = -\log\gamma$

Entanglement Spectrum

  • Rényi entropies depend on eigenvalues of RDM

$$ S^{(n)}_A = \frac{1}{1-n}\sum_\alpha \lambda_\alpha^n $$

  • $\epsilon_\alpha = -\log \lambda_\alpha$ known as entanglement spectrum.

Graphical Representation of $\rho^{(A)}$

Entanglement Growth for Self-Dual KIM

[Bertini, Kos, Prosen (2018)]

$$ \lim_{L\to\infty} S^{(n)}_A(t) =\min(2t-2,N)\log 2, $$

  • Any $h_j$; inital $Z_j$ product state

Entanglement alla [Calabrese & Cardy (2005)]

Quasiparticle Picture

Other Directions

  • “Static” disorder or full randomness
  • Projective Measurements
  • Conserved quantities
  • Classical circuits [Krajnik & Prosen (2019)]